Objective:
To examine whether sources of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) involving anxiolytics, opioids, and stimulants were associated with sociodemographic characteristics, NMUPD characteristics (eg, frequency) and other substance use.
Method:
Nationally representative samples of U.S. high school seniors (N=18,549) were surveyed via self-administered questionnaires (2009-2016). Design-based latent class analysis and Rao-Scott chi-square tests were used to test the associations among sociodemographic characteristics, NMUPD characteristics, other substance use behaviors (eg, binge drinking, cigarette smoking, marijuana use), and NMUPD sources.
Results:
Approximately 11.0% of high school seniors reported past-year NMUPD (n=1,917). A substantial proportion of nonmedical users obtained the prescription drugs from multiple sources (44.2%). Latent class analysis identified five subgroups of NMUPD sources (friend/relative sources, friend/purchased sources, own leftover prescription, multiple sources and other sources). Nonmedical users who obtain prescription drugs from friend/purchased sources were more likely to be male adolescents while those who used their own leftover prescriptions were more likely to be female adolescents. Nonmedical users who obtain prescription drugs from multiple sources were more substance-involved. In contrast, adolescent nonmedical users who used their own leftover prescriptions were less substance-involved.
Conclusion:
Growing evidence indicates that different NMUPD sources are associated with different substance use behaviors. All NMUPD sources should be discouraged, because they place individuals, families and communities at risk. Patients and their families should receive education on how to manage and properly dispose controlled medications to avoid diversion into the community. Prescribers are encouraged to check prescription monitoring programs and screen adolescents for substance use/misuse when prescribing controlled medications.